Figure 6: Reaction-Diffusion Geometry Explorer

GOx/HRP protocell cascade: spatial arrangement controls receiver output. Steady-state 2D reaction-diffusion model.

Print map: single sender + receiver
GOx sender
HRP receiver
H₂O₂ reaction-diffusion field
H₂O₂
Resorufin
Physical parameters

HRP/GOx ratio: . Recommended: keep HRP at ~10x GOx for pseudo-first-order kinetics.

Key metrics
t½ (min)
Peak signal (AU)
Imageable window
Adjust parameters to bring t½ into the 5 to 20 min imageable window.
Simulated time-course: resorufin at HRP
Distance sweep: t½ vs centre-to-centre distance
Shared parameters (applied to both configurations)

2A: Checkerboard (interleaved)

12 GOx + 12 HRP alternating in a 4x6 grid. Every HRP is equidistant from its nearest GOx neighbours.

Print map
GOx
HRP
Reaction-diffusion field
H₂O₂
Resorufin
Mean signal
CV%
Max/min ratio
Per-HRP signal (sorted high to low)

2B: Segregated blocks

12 GOx block (left) + 12 HRP block (right). Front-row HRP consume H₂O₂ before it reaches the back row.

Print map
GOx
HRP
Reaction-diffusion field
H₂O₂
Resorufin
Mean signal
CV%
Max/min ratio
Per-HRP signal (sorted high to low)
Drag the Da slider to see the transition: at low Da both configurations look uniform; at high Da the segregated blocks show a dramatic front-row/back-row split while the checkerboard stays flat.
Shared parameters

Print map
GOx
HRP
Reaction-diffusion field
H₂O₂
Resorufin
Line-scan: fluorescence intensity along HRP centreline

Equivalent to a horizontal line ROI in Fiji drawn through the HRP row. Each point = resorufin signal at one HRP droplet.

GOx cluster (left) acts as a point source. Each HRP droplet encodes its distance from the source as a unique intensity, steepened by upstream depletion. This is a synthetic morphogen gradient.
Print map
GOx
HRP
Reaction-diffusion field
H₂O₂
Resorufin
Line-scan: fluorescence intensity along HRP centreline

Predicts a W-shaped profile: high signal near each GOx cluster, suppressed at the midpoint where the two H₂O₂ fields overlap but HRP depletion creates a saddle.

Two GOx clusters create competing H₂O₂ fields. HRP droplets between them consume H₂O₂ from both sides, creating a suppression zone at the midpoint. Source topology, not just concentration, shapes the receiver output.
GOx: 0/12 HRP: 0/12
Sandbox: click to place, drag to move
GOx (12 max)
HRP (12 max)
Reaction-diffusion field
H₂O₂
Resorufin
Line-scan: fluorescence intensity along HRP centreline (y = centre)
GOx Sender Glucose H₂O₂ diffusion D∇²[H₂O₂] = Da·[H₂O₂] − S S = GOx source flux, Da = HRP reactivity / diffusion HRP Receiver Resorufin H₂O₂ + Amplex Red Spatial distribution of resorufin reports the H₂O₂ concentration field. Geometry of the array controls which HRP droplets get signal and how much.
A
Updating...
Single sender/receiver pair. RD field at current Tab 1 distance.
B
Half-time vs distance. Green band = imageable window (5 to 20 min).
C
Checkerboard (interleaved). Uniform signal distribution, low CV%.
D
Segregated blocks. Front-row depletion creates a signal cliff.
E
Morphogen gradient. Each HRP encodes distance as unique intensity.
F
Saddle point. W-shaped profile from competing source fields.

Governing equation

∂C/∂t = D∇²C − k·C + S(x,y)

Steady-state form (∂C/∂t = 0):

D∇²C = k·C − S(x,y)

where C = [H₂O₂], D = diffusion coefficient, k = first-order HRP consumption rate, S(x,y) = GOx source term.

Discretisation

2D finite difference on a uniform Cartesian grid (80 x 80 cells). Gauss-Seidel iterative solver, 600 iterations. Field of view is fixed at 3500 µm (matching experimental microscope FOV).

Δx = 3500 µm / 80 = 43.75 µm per cell

Droplet radius in cells: R_CELLS = round(diameter / (2 × Δx)). Current R_CELLS = 3, droplet diameter ≈ 262 µm on grid.

Boundary conditions

Dirichlet: C = 0 at all four edges. Physical justification: open dish geometry where H₂O₂ escapes to bulk solution. The 3500 µm field provides ample buffer between the droplet array and the boundary.

Source/sink model

Each droplet stamps a disc of radius R_CELLS grid cells as either a uniform source (GOx) or a first-order sink (HRP). R_CELLS scales with the droplet diameter slider. All droplets at a given diameter share an identical precomputed disc footprint. This is a well-mixed droplet approximation. Source strength and sink rate both scale with droplet volume (d/d_ref)³ (reference diameter = 250 µm), reflecting the total number of enzyme molecules contained in the droplet at a given concentration.

Damköhler number

Da = k · Δx² / D

Da relates reaction rate to diffusion rate. Da << 1: diffusion-dominated (uniform field). Da >> 1: reaction-dominated (steep gradients, depletion). The HRP concentration slider sets Da via: k = [HRP] · k_cat_eff, then Da = k · Δx² / D.

Time-course model (Tab 1)

S(t) = S_max × (1 − exp(−ln2 × t / t½))

t½ is derived from the steady-state solution using a diffusion timescale heuristic: t½ = d² / (2D) × 1/(1 + Da₀), where d = centre-to-centre distance, D = diffusion coefficient, Da₀ = local Damköhler number at the HRP site. This captures: (1) t½ increases with distance squared (diffusion-limited), (2) t½ decreases with higher Da (faster consumption pulls the front forward).

Known limitations

1. Steady-state only: no true temporal dynamics; the time-course is a heuristic exponential approach.
2. Resorufin treated as non-diffusing (remains at HRP site where produced).
3. Amplex Red depletion not modelled (assumed excess).
4. Droplet interior assumed well-mixed: no intra-droplet concentration gradients.
5. 2D approximation of a 3D system (thin-layer geometry assumed).
6. No droplet-droplet steric exclusion in the solver (overlap possible at very close spacing).

Live parameter table

ParameterValueUnit
Field of view3500µm
Grid cell Δx43.75µm
Field size (80 cells)3500µm
Droplet diameter (slider)µm
R_CELLS (droplet radius)cells
Droplet diameter (on grid)µm
Diffusion coeff. Dµm²/s
[GOx] effectiveµM
[HRP] effectiveµM
GOx source flux qAU (relative)
HRP Da (Damköhler)dimensionless
k (sink rate)s⁻¹
Centre-to-centre dist.µm